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
Insights

Contentious Probate: Causes and Protection
In recent years there has been a significant growth in challenges to Wills or entitlements to grants of representation. This trend of increasing …
Common Areas of Dispute with Builders and How to Avoid Them
Building projects can be a stressful and complicated process, and disputes with builders are unfortunately all too common. Whether you’re embarking on …
Does my business need a new set of terms and conditions for its customers?
As a business owner, you may be wondering if it’s time to update your terms and conditions for customers. The short answer is that it depends on your …
A lesser known way to reduce your Inheritance Tax bill – Gifts out of Income
Most forms of tax relief or exemption have an upper limit, such as the income tax personal allowance. However, Gifts out of income have no …
Do I Need a Shareholders’ Agreement?
If you’re a business owner in England, you may be wondering whether you need a shareholders’ agreement. While it’s not a legal requirement, having one …
Provisions Commonly Added to a Company’s Articles of Association and Shareholders’ Agreement
When setting up a company, there are several legal documents that must be drafted and agreed upon by its founders, including the articles of associati …
The Adequacy of the Model Articles of Association for Private Companies Limited by Shares for Companies with Sole Directors
(All references in this article to any company or companies are to private companies limited by shares) (any reference to ‘Fore Fitness’ means the cas …
The Inadequacy of the Model Articles of Association for Private Companies Limited by Shares for Companies with Sole Directors
(All references in this article to any company or companies are to private companies limited by shares) All private companies limited by shares must h …
Unless orders and the consequences of breaching one
An “unless” order is an order that, unless a party performs an obligation by a specified date or within a particular period, they will be penalised by …
Intellectual Property Rights – Protecting your creativity and innovation.
What is intellectual property? Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind. Having the right type of intellectual property protection can …
What happens to your social media account after your death?
With our day-to-day functions, jobs and memories now taking place online, the question of what will happen to your social media once you are no longer …
The Importance of Mediation
What is ‘Mediation’? Mediation is a voluntary and confidential form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), in which a neutral third p …